NOTICE MEMBERSHIP FOREWORD PREFACE EXECUTIVE SUMMARY CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER 4 CHAPTER 5 APPENDIX A APPENDIX B APPENDIX C APPENDIX D		Radiation Hazards to Crews of Interplanetary Missions Biological Issues and Research Strategies Task Group on Biological Effects of Radiation Space Studies Board Commission on Physical Sciences, Mathematics, and Applications National Research Council NOTICE MEMBERSHIP FOREWORD PREFACE EXECUTIVE SUMMARY INTRODUCTION Statement of Problem Contributions and Use of Past Radiation Research Current Understanding of Biological Effects of Radiation Types of Effects Effects Induced by Protons Effects Induced by Heavy Ions References ISSUES OF CONCERN TO NASA: DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Types of Particles and Their Energies Galactic Cosmic Rays Solar Particles Secondary Particles Estimates of Uncertainty in Radiation Risk Factors Conclusions Biological Effects of Radiation Early Effects General Considerations Early Systemic Effects Skin Fertility Other Organ Systems Conclusions Late Effects General Considerations Cancer and Uncertainty in Estimates of Its Induction Central Nervous System Cataracts Heritable Effects Variation in Susceptibility to Radiation Across Subject Types DNA Repair Repair of Oxidative Damage and Double-Strand Breaks Other Studies Conclusion Loss of Research Programs References HOW TO REDUCE RISK AND THE UNCERTAINTY IN RISK ESTIMATES Shielding Recommendations for Research to Better Determine Shielding Requirements Knowledge Base Development Shielding Approaches Cost of Research vs. Cost of Excess Shielding Radioprotective and Chemoprotective Drugs and Diet Crew Selection Optimal Time for Flight Solar Particle Event Warning System Flares Coronal Mass Ejections/Interplanetary Shocks Conclusions References PRIORITY RESEARCH QUESTIONS AND STRATEGIES Higher-Priority Research Questions Lower-Priority Research Questions Time Scale of Research What Will Still Remain Unknown, and What Risk Does This Represent? References OTHER ISSUES Need for Animal Use Experimental Techniques and New Data Required Ground- vs. Space-based Research Plants and Food Supply References APPENDIXES Acronyms and Abbreviations Glossary Beam Sources Previous Advice of the National Research Council Regarding the BEVALAC Facility NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS, 1996 Last update 5/3/00 at 12:40 pm Site managed by Anne Simmons, Space Studies Board

The National Academies Current Projects Publications Directories Search Site Map Feedback